Class 12 Geography chapter 9 ncert solutions: Geographical perspective on selected issues and problems question answer
| Textbook | Ncert |
| Class | Class 12 |
| Subject | Geography |
| Chapter | Chapter 9 |
| Chapter Name | Geographical perspective on selected issues and problems ncert solutions |
| Category | Ncert Solutions |
| Medium | English |
Are you looking for class 12 geography chapter 9 question answer? Now you can download Geographical perspective on selected issues and problems question answer pdf from here.
Question 1: Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.
Question 1.(i): Which one of the following river is highly polluted?
(a) Brahmaputra
(b) Satluj
(c) Yamuna
(d) Godavari
Answer 1.(i): (c) Yamuna
Question 1.(ii): Which one of the following diseases is caused by water pollution?
(a) Conjunctivitis
(b) Diarrhorea
(c) Respiratory infections
(d) Bronchitis
Answer 1.(ii): (b) Diarrhorea
Question 1.(iii): Which one of the following is the cause of acid rain?
(a) Water pollution
(b) Land pollution
(c) Noise pollution
(d) Air pollution
Answer 1.(iii): (d) Air pollution
Question 1.(iv): Push and pull factors are responsible for-
(a) Migration
(b) Land degradation
(c) Slums
(d) Air pollution
Answer 1.(iv): (a) Migration
Question 2: Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
Question 2.(i): What is the difference between pollution and pollutants?
Answer 2.(i):
| Aspect | Pollution | Pollutants |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | The contamination of the environment by harmful substances. | The substances or elements that cause pollution. |
| Nature | A process or phenomenon. | A tangible entity (chemical, physical, or biological). |
| Examples | Air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution. | Carbon dioxide, plastic waste, sulfur dioxide. |
| Scope | Refers to the overall impact on the environment. | Refers to specific causes of the contamination. |
| Focus | Focuses on the effect on the environment and health. | Focuses on the agents that lead to contamination. |
| Types | Includes various forms like air, water, soil, and noise. | Includes solids, liquids, gases, heat, and noise. |
Question 2.(ii): Describe the major source of air pollution.
Answer 2.(ii): Combustion of coal, petrol and diesel, industrial processes, solid waste disposal, sewage disposal, etc. are the major sources of air pollution because they add oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydro-carbons, ammonia, lead aldehydes, asbestos and helium in the atmosphere.
Question 2.(iii): Mention major problems associated with urban waste disposal in India.
Answer 2.(iii): Solid waste disposal is a serious problem in most of the Indian cities and towns where it accumulates on the streets, open spaces between houses and wastelands causing serious health hazards, obnoxious smell, harbouring flies and rodents, acting as carrier of diseases like typhoid, diphtheria, diarrhea, malaria and cholera, etc. It causes frequent nuisance when carelessly handled, spreads by wind and rain water and results in water pollution when dumped into rivers.
Question 2.(iv): What are the effects of air pollution on human health.
Answer 2.(iv): Air pollution causes various diseases related to respiratory, nervous and circulatory systems. Smoky fog over cities called as urban smog is caused by atmospheric pollution which proves very harmful to human health.
Question 3: Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.
Question 3.(i): Describe the nature of water pollution in India.
Answer 3.(i): Water pollution in India is a critical issue affecting the availability and quality of this essential resource. It refers to the contamination of water bodies like rivers, lakes, and oceans due to human activities. Urban areas such as Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai face acute challenges in managing water pollution. This issue extends beyond surface water to include groundwater contamination. Factors contributing to water pollution in India include:
- Domestic Sewage: Urban areas generate vast amounts of untreated sewage that contaminates rivers and lakes.
- Industrial Wastes: Factories discharge toxic chemicals, heavy metals, and dyes into nearby water bodies.
- Agricultural Activities: Runoff from farms carries pesticides and fertilizers into rivers and groundwater.
- Thermal Pollution: Power plants and industries release heated water into rivers, affecting aquatic ecosystems.
- Marine Pollution: Discharge of untreated waste and oil spills into oceans.
Question 3.(ii): Describe the problem of slums in India.
Answer 3.(ii): The problem of slums in India is a pressing issue stemming from rapid urbanization and population growth. Slums are informal settlements characterized by overcrowding, poor infrastructure, and lack of basic services. Cities like Mumbai (Dharavi), Delhi, and Kolkata have significant slum populations.
Key Causes
- Migration: Rural-to-urban migration driven by employment opportunities in cities.
- Housing Shortages: High demand for housing leads to unaffordable rents, forcing people to settle in makeshift homes.
- Push-Pull Factors: Poverty and lack of opportunities in rural areas push people to cities, while better job prospects pull them.
Major Challenges in Slums
- Poor Living Conditions: Overcrowding and lack of basic amenities like clean water, sanitation, and electricity.
- Health Issues: High prevalence of diseases due to inadequate healthcare and unhygienic surroundings.
- Lack of Education: Limited access to schools and educational facilities.
- Social Problems: Unemployment, crime, and lack of security.
- Environmental Impact: Poor waste management leads to pollution and environmental degradation.
Government Initiatives
Efforts like the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) in Maharashtra, and the Smart Cities Mission aim to provide affordable housing, improve infrastructure, and rehabilitate slum dwellers. However, challenges persist due to resource constraints and rapid urbanization.
Question 3.(iii): Suggest measures for reduction of land degradation.
Answer 3.(iii): Measures for the reduction of land degradation are as following:
- The farmers should be given proper training about the use of chemicals and fertilizers.
- Industrial waste water should be recycled after proper treatment and be used for purpose like irrigation.
- Plastic and its use should be restricted.
- Human and household waste can be converted into useful manure.
- Slum dwellers should be provided with the facility of public toilets.