Geography Class 12 chapter 3 question answer Human Development

Class 12 Geography chapter 3 ncert solutions: Human Development question answer

Textbook	Ncert
Class	Class 12
Subject	Geography
Chapter	Chapter 3
Chapter Name	Human Development class 12 ncert solutions
Category	Ncert Solutions
Medium	English

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Question 1: Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.

Question 1.(i): Which one of the following best describes development?
(a) an increase in size
(b) a constant in size
(c) a positive change in quality
(d) a simple change in the quality

Answer 1.(i): (c) a positive change in quality

Question 1.(ii): Which one of the following scholars introduced the concept of Human Development?
(a) Prof. Amartya Sen
(b) Ellen C Semple
(c) Dr Mahabub-ul-Haq
(d) Ratzel

Answer 1.(ii): (c) Dr. Mahabub-ul-Haq

Question 2: Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

Question 2.(i): What are the three basic areas of human development?

Answer 2.(i): The three basic areas of human development are:

• Access to resources: It is taken as an indicator of economic condition and ability of individuals to purchase goods of their demands. The indicator used to determine this is per capital income, which shows purchasing power of individuals in terms of dollars.
• Health: Longevity of people of the country indicates the availability of health care services and facilities in the country. Country with higher life expectancy tends to have higher HDI.
• Education: The adult literacy rate and gross enrollment ratio represents access to knowledge.

Question 2.(ii): Name the four main components of human development?

Answer 2.(ii): The four main components of human development are:

1. Equity: Ensuring fairness and equal opportunities for all individuals, regardless of their background or circumstances.
2. Sustainability: Promoting development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
3. Productivity: Enabling people to contribute to society and the economy through productive work and innovation.
4. Empowerment: Ensuring individuals have the ability and freedom to make choices and influence their lives and community.

Question 2.(iii): How are countries classified on the basis of human development index?

Answer 2.(iii): Countries are classified on the basis of the Human Development Index (HDI) into four categories, based on their HDI scores, which range from 0 to 1. These categories are:

1. Very High Human Development:
   • HDI score: 0.800 and above
   • These countries have excellent performance in health, education, and standard of living.
2. High Human Development:
   • HDI score: 0.700 to 0.799
   • Countries in this category perform well but may have room for improvement in one or more dimensions.
3. Medium Human Development:
   • HDI score: 0.550 to 0.699
   • These countries show moderate performance, often facing challenges in health, education, or income levels.
4. Low Human Development:
   • HDI score: below 0.550
   • Countries in this category typically face significant developmental challenges in all dimensions.

Question 3: Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.

Question 3.(i): What do you understand by the term human development?

Answer 3.(i): The concept of human development was proposed by Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq. He defined human growth as a process that expands people’s options and enhances their quality of life. Under this approach, people are at the centre of all growth. These options are fluid and change over time. Human development’s main purpose is to create conditions that allow individuals to live meaningful lives.

A meaningful life isn’t necessary for a fulfilling existence. It has to be a life with meaning. This implies that people must be healthy, able to develop their skills, engage in society, and have full access to resources, education, and health facilities in order to attain their goals. There should be no impediment to a person’s advancement owing to a lack of life opportunities.

The essential parts of human development include living a long and healthy life, gaining knowledge, and having enough resources to live a good existence. Building people’s health, education, and resource availability are crucial to expanding their options. People’s options are also limited if they lack the necessary skills in these areas.

The essential dimensions of human development include:

1. Living a long and healthy life,
2. Gaining knowledge, and
3. Having access to resources for a decent standard of living.

Question 3.(ii): What do equity and sustainability refer to within the concept of human development?

Answer 3.(ii): Equity refers to ensuring equal access to opportunities for all individuals, regardless of gender, race, income, or, in the Indian context, caste. It emphasizes fairness in providing everyone the chance to develop their potential and contribute to society.

Sustainability means maintaining the continuity of opportunities over time. For human development to be sustainable, future generations must have the same opportunities as the present generation. This requires using environmental, financial, and human resources responsibly and ensuring they are preserved for the future. Misuse or overexploitation of these resources can limit opportunities for upcoming generations.