Ncert Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 3 Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health ncert solutions: Class 12th biology chapter 3 ncert solutions

Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 12
Subject	Biology
Chapter	Chapter 3
Chapter Name	Reproductive Health class 12 ncert solutions
Category	Ncert Solutions
Medium	English

Are you looking for Ncert Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 3 Reproductive Health? Now you can download Ncert class 12 biology chapter 3 questions and answers pdf from here.

Question 1: What do you think is the significance of reproductive health in a society?

Solution 1: Reproductive health is the total well being in all aspects of reproduction. It includes physical, emotional, behavioural, and social well being. Sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS, gonorrhoea, etc. are transferred from one individual to another through sexual contact. It can also lead to unwanted pregnancies.

Hence, it is necessary to create awareness among people, especially the youth, regarding various reproduction related aspects as the young individuals are the future of the country and they are most susceptible of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases.

Creating awareness about the available birth control methods, sexually transmitted diseases and their preventive measures, and gender equality will help in bringing up a socially conscious healthy family. Spreading awareness regarding uncontrolled population growth and social evils among young individuals will help in building up a reproductively healthy society.

Question 2: Suggest the aspects of reproductive health which need to be given special attention in the present scenario.

Solution 2: Reproductive health is the total well being in all aspects of reproduction. The aspects which have to be given special attention in the present scenarios are

Key Aspects of Reproductive Health to Focus On:

1. Sexual Education: Enhance comprehensive sexual education to empower individuals with knowledge about their bodies and healthy relationships.
2. Family Planning: Improve access to a variety of contraceptive methods and educate individuals about informed choices regarding family planning.
3. Maternal Health: Prioritize prenatal and postnatal care to ensure safe pregnancies and deliveries, reducing maternal and infant mortality.
4. Menstrual Health: Promote awareness and access to menstrual hygiene products, addressing menstrual disorders and their impact on daily life.
5. STI Awareness: Increase knowledge about sexually transmitted infections (STIs), their prevention, and treatment options.
6. Infertility Support: Provide resources and support for couples facing infertility challenges.
7. Gender Equality: Empower women in making reproductive choices and encourage male involvement in reproductive health discussions.
8. Healthcare Access: Ensure availability and quality of reproductive health services for all, regardless of socio-economic status.
9. Mental Health: Recognize and address the mental health aspects related to reproductive health, providing necessary support.
10. Research and Innovation: Invest in research for new contraceptives and treatments, along with data collection to inform effective policies.

Question 3: Is sex education necessary in schools? Why?

Solution 3: Yes, introduction of sex education in schools is necessary. It would provide right information to young individuals at the right time about various aspects of reproductive health such as reproductive organs, puberty, and adolescence related changes, safe sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases, etc. sex education is necessary in schools for several key reasons:

Supporting Emotional Well-being: It helps students understand their feelings and navigate the emotional aspects of relationships.

Informed Decision-Making: It provides accurate information about reproductive health, helping students make informed choices.

Prevention of STIs and Unplanned Pregnancies: Educating students about safe sex practices can reduce the rates of sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancies.

Promoting Healthy Relationships: It teaches the importance of consent, respect, and communication, fostering healthier relationships.

Addressing Misconceptions: Comprehensive sex education dispels myths and misinformation about sex and relationships.

Question 4: Do you think that reproductive health in our country has improved in the past 50 years? If yes, mention some such areas of improvement.

Solution 4: Yes, the reproductive health has tremendously improved in India in the last 50 years. The areas of improvement are as follows.

• Use of contraceptive, which has resulted in a decrease in the rate of sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies
•  Massive child immunization programme, which has lead to a decrease in the infant mortality rate
• Maternal and infant mortality rate, which has been decreased drastically due to better post natal care
• Family planning, which has motivated people to have smaller families

Question 5: What are the suggested reasons for population explosion?

Solution 5: The human population is increasing day by day, leading to population explosion. It is because of the following two major reasons.

• Decline in Mortality Rates: Advances in medicine, healthcare, and sanitation have significantly reduced death rates, particularly infant mortality.
• Increased Birth Rates: In many regions, cultural norms and lack of access to family planning lead to higher birth rates.

The death rate has decreased in the past 50 years. The factor leading to decreased death rate and increased birth rate are control of diseases, awareness and spread of education, improvement in medical facilities, ensured food supply in emergency situation, etc. All this has also resulted in an increase in the longevity of an individual.

Question 6: Is the use of contraceptives justified? Give reasons

Solution 6: Yes, the use of contraceptives is generally justified for several reasons:

1. Family Planning: Contraceptives allow individuals and couples to plan and space their children, which can lead to healthier families and better economic stability.
2. Health Benefits: They can reduce health risks for women, including complications from pregnancy and childbirth, especially in high-risk populations.
3. Empowerment: Contraceptives give women greater control over their reproductive choices, promoting gender equality and empowerment.
4. Reduction in Unintended Pregnancies: Access to contraceptives decreases the rate of unintended pregnancies, which can reduce the need for abortions.
5. Socioeconomic Benefits: Smaller family sizes can lead to improved economic conditions, better education for children, and reduced poverty levels.
6. Public Health: Widespread use of contraceptives can contribute to lower rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) when combined with barrier methods.

Question 7: Removal of gonads cannot be considered as a contraceptive option. Why?

Solution 7: Contraceptive devices are used to prevent unwanted pregnancy and to prevent the spreading of STDs. There are many methods, such as natural, barrier, oral, and surgical methods, that prevent unwanted pregnancy. However, the complete removal of gonads cannot be a contraceptive option because it will lead to infertility and unavailability of certain hormones that are required for normal functioning of accessory reproductive parts. Therefore, only those contraceptive methods can be used that prevent the chances of fertilization rather than making the person infertile forever.

Question 8: Amniocentesis for sex determination is banned in our country. Is this ban necessary? Comment.

Solution 8: Amniocentesis is a pre-natal diagnostic technique that is used to determine the sex and metabolic disorders of the developing foetus in the mother’s uterus through the observation of the chromosomal patterns. This method was developed so as to determine any kind of genetic disorder present in the foetus. However, unfortunately, this technique is being misused to detect the sex of the child before birth and the female foetus is then aborted. Thus, to prevent the increasing female foeticides, it is necessary to ban the usage of amniocentesis technique for determining the sex of a child.

Question 9: Suggest some methods to assist infertile couples to have children.

Solution 9: There are several methods to assist infertile couples in having children, including:

1. Medications: Hormonal treatments can stimulate ovulation in women or improve sperm production in men. Common medications include clomiphene citrate for women and testosterone supplements for men.
2. Intrauterine Insemination (IUI): This procedure involves placing sperm directly into a woman’s uterus during her ovulation period to increase the chances of fertilization.
3. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): IVF involves extracting eggs and sperm, fertilizing them in a laboratory, and then transferring the resulting embryos into the woman’s uterus. It’s often used for various infertility issues.
4. Gamete Intra fallopian transfer (GIFT): It is a technique that involves the transfer of gamete (ovum) from a donor into the fallopian tube of the recipient female who is unable to produce eggs, but has the ability to conceive and can provide right conditions for the development of an embryo.
5. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI): A specialized form of IVF where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg, used primarily for male infertility.
6. Donor Eggs or Sperm: Couples can use donor eggs or sperm if one partner has infertility issues. This option can also include using donor embryos.
7. Surrogacy: In cases where a woman cannot carry a pregnancy, a surrogate can be used to carry the child. This can involve using the couple’s embryos or donor embryos.
8. Surgical Interventions: Surgery may be necessary to correct anatomical issues in the reproductive system, such as blocked fallopian tubes or uterine abnormalities.

Question 10: What are the measures one has to take to prevent from contracting STDs?

Solution 10: Preventing the contraction of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) involves several key measures. Here’s a comprehensive list:

Abstinence: The most effective way to avoid STDs is to abstain from sexual activity. This includes vaginal, anal, and oral sex.

Consistent and Correct Use of Condoms: Use male or female condoms consistently and correctly during every sexual encounter. Condoms significantly reduce the risk of many STDs, including HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.

Limit Number of Sexual Partners: Reducing the number of sexual partners can lower the risk of exposure to STDs. Engaging in mutually monogamous relationships with partners who have tested negative for STDs is recommended.

Regular STD Testing: Get tested regularly, especially if you have multiple partners or engage in high-risk behaviors. Early detection of STDs can lead to timely treatment and reduce the risk of transmission.

Vaccination: Vaccines are available for certain STDs, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B. Getting vaccinated can provide protection against these infections.

Communicate with Partners: Have open and honest discussions about sexual health and STD testing with partners before engaging in sexual activity. Ensure that both partners are aware of their sexual health status.

Avoid Sharing Personal Items: Do not share personal items that might have blood or bodily fluids, such as razors or toothbrushes.

Question 11: State True/False with explanation
(a) Abortions could happen spontaneously too. (True/False)
(b) Infertility is defined as the inability to produce a viable offspring and is always due to abnormalities/defects in the female partner. (True/False)
(c) Complete lactation could help as a natural method of contraception. (True/False)
(d) Creating awareness about sex related aspects is an effective method to improve reproductive health of the people. (True/False)

Solution 11: (a) True. Spontaneous abortion, commonly known as a miscarriage, occurs when a pregnancy ends on its own before the fetus can live independently outside the womb. This can happen for various reasons, often related to genetic abnormalities or issues with the health of the mother.

(b) False. Infertility can affect both males and females, and its causes are not always linked to abnormalities in the female partner. Male factors, such as low sperm count or motility, can also contribute significantly to infertility.

(c) True, Breastfeeding, particularly exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months postpartum, can suppress ovulation and thus act as a natural form of contraception, known as the Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM). However, it is not 100% reliable.

(d) True. Increasing awareness and education about sexual health can lead to better understanding of reproductive health, safer sexual practices, and reduced rates of STDs and unintended pregnancies, ultimately improving overall reproductive health.

Question 12: Correct the following statements :
(a) Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete formation.
(b) All sexually transmitted diseases are completely curable.
(c) Oral pills are very popular contraceptives among the rural women.
(d) In E. T. techniques, embryos are always transferred into the uterus.

Solution 12:

(a) Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete formation.

Correction: Surgical methods of contraception, such as vasectomy and tubal ligation, prevent the transport of gametes rather than their formation.

(b) All sexually transmitted diseases are completely curable.

Correction: Not all sexually transmitted diseases are completely curable; for example, HIV and herpes are manageable but not curable.

(c) Oral pills are very popular contraceptives among the rural women.

Correction: Oral pills are less commonly used among rural women due to factors such as limited access, lack of awareness, and cultural beliefs compared to other methods of contraception.

(d) In E. T. techniques, embryos are always transferred into the uterus.

Correction: In assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like embryo transfer (E.T.), embryos can be transferred into the uterus or, in some cases, cryopreserved for future use.