Sociology Class 12 chapter 8 questions and answers Social Movements

Ncert Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 8: Social Movements questions and answers

Textbook	Ncert
Class	Class 12
Subject	Sociology
Chapter	Chapter 8
Chapter Name	Social Movements ncert solutions
Category	Ncert Solutions
Medium	English

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Question 1: Imagine a society where there has been no social movement. Discuss. You can also describe how you imagine such a society to be.

Answer 1: A society without social movement is beyond imagination but if there has been any society where there has been no social movement then it would have been of following type –

•  It would have been a very progressive society where people lived in a peaceful manner. 
•  The social environment would have been cooperative and harmonious.
•  All the members of society would have been dignified and concerned with their work only.
•  The self-disciplinary system and the self-check system would have been very much present there.
•  It would have been a very model type of society which is required by every country.

Question 2: Write short notes on:
Women’s Movement
Tribal Movements

Answer 2: Women’s Movement

The Women’s Movement encompasses various campaigns and efforts aimed at achieving gender equality and improving the status of women in society. It has addressed issues such as voting rights, education, equal pay, healthcare, and protection from gender-based violence. Historically, the movement has progressed through key phases: the first wave focused on suffrage and legal rights, the second wave addressed workplace inequality, reproductive rights, and domestic violence, and the third wave emphasizes intersectionality and diversity. This movement has significantly contributed to societal changes and landmark legislations, fostering greater awareness and empowerment for women globally.

Tribal Movements

Tribal Movements are collective efforts by indigenous communities to protect their rights, culture, and land from exploitation and encroachments. These movements have often been sparked by displacement due to industrial projects, land alienation, and threats to cultural identity. Examples include the Santhal Rebellion (1855), Birsa Munda’s Ulgulan (1899-1900), and recent protests against mining in tribal regions. Movements like the Jharkhand Movement sought to create a separate state for tribal identity. Such struggles have resulted in significant policy changes, such as the Forest Rights Act, 2006, which recognizes tribal rights over forest lands and resources.

Question 3: In India it is difficult to make a clear distinction between the old and new social movements. Discuss

Answer 3: In India, thе linе bеtwееn old and nеw social movеmеnts is oftеn blurrеd duе to sеvеral factors:

• Historical Continuity: Somе old social movеmеnts, likе thosе advocating for labor rights or castе-basеd rеforms, havе continuеd to еxist and еvolvе, making it challеnging to catеgorizе thеm as еntirеly “old. “
• Emеrging Issuеs: Nеw social movеmеnts oftеn еmеrgе in rеsponsе to contеmporary issuеs, but thеy may build on thе foundations laid by еarliеr movеmеnts. For instancе, thе еnvironmеntal movеmеnt draws inspiration from historical movеmеnts for consеrvation.
• Intеrsеctionality: Many social movеmеnts in India еncompass a rangе of issuеs and constituеnciеs. For еxamplе, thе womеn’s movеmеnt not only addrеssеs gеndеr issuеs but also intеrsеcts with class, castе, and еnvironmеntal concеrns, blurring thе linеs bеtwееn old and nеw.
• Tactics and Stratеgiеs: Both old and nеw movеmеnts may еmploy similar tactics, such as protеsts, dеmonstrations, and advocacy, making it difficult to diffеrеntiatе thеm solеly basеd on thеir mеthods.

Question 4: Environmental movements often also contain economic and identity issues. Discuss.

Answer 4: The Chipko movement is a suitable example of an ecological or environmental movements. It is an appropriate example of intermingled interests and ideologies. Ramchandra Guha says in his book Unquiet Woods that villagers came together to save the oak and rhododendron forests near their villages.

The government forest contractors came to fell the trees but the villagers, including large number of women, came forward to hug the trees to check their being felled. The villagers relied on the forest to get firewood, fodder and other daily requirements. It was a conflict between livelihood needs of poor villagers and government’s desire to make revenue from selling timber.

Chipko movement raised the issue of ecological sustainability. Felling down natural forests was a form of environmental destruction which resulted in demonstrating floods and landslides in the area. Therefore, concerns about economy, ecology and political representation underlay the Chipko movement.

Question 5: Distinguish between peasant and New Farmer’s movements.

Answer 5: Distinction Between Peasant Movements and New Farmer’s Movements

1. Nature and Goals:
   • Peasant Movements: These movements, prominent during the colonial period, aimed at addressing issues like high rents, exploitative zamindari systems, and indebtedness of peasants. Their primary focus was on agrarian reforms and securing land rights.
   • New Farmer’s Movements: Emerging post-independence, these movements focused on broader agricultural issues such as fair pricing, subsidies, better irrigation, and government policies impacting farmers’ incomes.
2. Time Period:
   • Peasant Movements: Predominantly during the pre-independence era (e.g., Indigo Revolt, Tebhaga Movement, and Bardoli Satyagraha).
   • New Farmer’s Movements: Mostly post-1970s and 1980s (e.g., Bharatiya Kisan Union’s protests and the farmers’ protests against WTO policies).
3. Focus on Land Ownership:
   • Peasant Movements: Centered around redistributing land and challenging feudal landlords.
   • New Farmer’s Movements: Focused more on economic issues like procurement prices, subsidies, and debt relief rather than land ownership.
4. Leadership and Organization:
   • Peasant Movements: Often led by political parties or freedom fighters with a focus on anti-colonial struggles.
   • New Farmer’s Movements: Led by farmers’ unions and associations with a non-partisan approach, emphasizing grassroots mobilization.
5. Global Perspective:
   • Peasant Movements: Localized with limited external influence.
   • New Farmer’s Movements: Influenced by global economic policies like those of the WTO and IMF, emphasizing global solidarity among farmers.